who isolated 135 metabolites belonging to various chemical classes in tomato cultivars using HPLC–ESI–TOF–MS. A good example of non-targeted analysis is provided by Gomez-Romero et al. The main limitation is the difficult annotation of metabolites, especially in plants, because mass spectra databases are far from comprehensive, and mass spectra are method/apparatus dependent. Dedicated to high throughput and semi-quantitative exploratory analysis, it is very efficient at profiling dozens of metabolites with quite similar physicochemical properties. In non-targeted metabolomics, the experiments are performed without a hypothesis on specific metabolites consequently, the samples are extracted with a mixture of solvents able to recover a large range of metabolites in a particular range of polarity subsequently, high resolution mass spectrometry data are usually acquired after a reverse phase chromatographic separation. Modern metabolomics relies on two main approaches, namely non-targeted and multi-targeted. The complex composition of goji and tomato fruits has been the subject of several studies, using various metabolomics approaches to address the inherent challenges of profiling of a very high number of compounds with a vast array of physico-chemical properties. Tomato is an important model species for the biology of fleshy fruits and nutritional studies, and hence its genetic proximity with Lycium makes it a relevant reference of which to compare to goji. Goji berry, labeled a “superfood” because of its high content in phytomicronutrients, belongs to the Lycium genus in the Solanaceae family, like tomato, which is one of the most important food commodity in the world. Their consumption is associated with beneficial health effects, partly due to their high contents of phytomicronutrients such as carotenoids and phenolic compounds. Among the compounds discriminating the Lycium species, reported here for the first time to our knowledge, chlorogenic acids, asparagine and quinic acid were more abundant in Lycium chinense, whereas Lycium barbarum accumulated more lycibarbarphenylpropanoids A-B, coumaric acid, fructose and glucose.įruits and vegetables are important components of the human diet. Typical tomato markers were found to be lycopene, carotene, glutamate and GABA, while lycibarbarphenylpropanoids and zeaxanthin esters characterized goji ( Lycium spp.) fruits. Chemometrics revealed metabolic markers discriminating Lycium and Solanum fruits but also Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense fruits and the effect of the crop environment. A set of 13 carotenoids, 46 phenolic compounds and 67 primary compounds were profiled in fruit samples. Emphasis has been placed on the systematic achievement of good extraction yields, sample stability, and high response linearity using common LC-ESI-TQ-MS and GC-EI-MS apparatuses. It includes the most important chemical classes involved in nutrition and taste, i.e., carotenoids, phenolic compounds and primary compounds. This study presents optimized analytical methods for metabolic profiling in the fruits of three Solanaceae species: Lycium barbarum, Lycium chinense and Solanum lycopersicum. Metabolic profile is a key component of fruit quality, which is a challenge to study due to great compound diversity, especially in species with high nutritional value.
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